this post was submitted on 10 Aug 2023
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The Great Pueblo Revolt, or Pueblo Revolt (1680–1696), was a 16-year period in the history of the American southwest when the Pueblo people overthrew the Spanish conquistadors and began to rebuild their communities. The events of that period have been viewed over the years as a failed attempt to permanently expel Europeans from the pueblos, a temporary setback to Spanish colonization, a glorious moment of independence for the Pueblo people of the American southwest, or part of a larger movement to purge the Pueblo world of foreign influence and return to traditional ways of life. It was no doubt a bit of all four.

The Spanish first entered the northern Rio Grande region in 1539 and its control was cemented in place by the 1599 siege of Acoma pueblo by Don Vicente de Zaldivar and a few score of soldier colonists from the expedition of Don Juan de Oñate. At Acoma's Sky City, Oñate's forces killed 800 people and captured 500 women and children and 80 men. After a "trial," everyone over the age of 12 was enslaved; all men over 25 had a foot amputated. Roughly 80 years later, a combination of religious persecution and economic oppression led to a violent uprising in Santa Fe and other communities of what is today northern New Mexico. It was one of the few successful—if temporary—forceful stoppages of the Spanish colonial juggernaut in the New World.

Life Under the Spanish

As they had done in other parts of the Americas, the Spanish installed a combination of military and ecclesiastical leadership in New Mexico. The Spanish established missions of Franciscan friars in several pueblos to specifically break up the Indigenous religious and secular communities, stamp out religious practices and replace them with Christianity. Active efforts to convert the Pueblo people to Christianity involved destroying kivas and other structures, burning ceremonial paraphernalia in public plazas, and using accusations of witchcraft to imprison and execute traditional ceremonial leaders.

The government also established an encomienda system, allowing up to 35 leading Spanish colonists to collect tribute from the households of a particular pueblo. Hopi oral histories report that the reality of the Spanish rule included forced labor, the seduction of Hopi women, raiding of kivas and sacred ceremonies, harsh punishment for failing to attend mass, and several rounds of drought and famine.

Growing Unrest

While the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was the event that (temporarily) removed the Spanish from the southwest, it was not the first attempt. The Pueblo people had offered resistance throughout the 80-year period following the conquest. Public conversions didn't (always) lead to people giving up their traditions but rather drove the ceremonies underground. The Jemez (1623), Zuni (1639) and Taos (1639) communities each separately (and unsuccessfully) revolted. There also were multi-village revolts that took place in the 1650s and 1660s, but in each case, the planned revolts were discovered and the leaders executed.

The Pueblos were independent societies before Spanish rule, and fiercely so. What led to the successful revolt was the ability to overcome that independence and coalesce. Some scholars think it was a millenarian movement, and have pointed to a population collapse in the 1670s resulting from a devastating epidemic that killed off an estimated 80% of the Indigenous population, and it became clear that the Spanish were unable to explain or prevent epidemic diseases or calamitous droughts. In some respects, the battle was one of whose god was on whose side: both Pueblo and Spanish sides identified the mythical character of certain events, and both sides believed the events involved supernatural intervention.

Nonetheless, the suppression of Indigenous practices became particularly intense between 1660 and 1680, and one of the main reasons for the successful revolt appears to have occurred in 1675 when then-governor Juan Francisco de Trevino arrested 47 "sorcerers," one of whom was Po'pay of San Juan Pueblo.

Leadership

Po'Pay (or Popé) was a Tewa religious leader, and he was to become a key leader and perhaps primary organizer of the rebellion. Po'Pay may have been key, but there were plenty of other leaders in the rebellion. Domingo Naranjo, a man of African and Indigeneous heritage, is often cited, and so are El Saca and El Chato of Taos, El Taque of San Juan, Francisco Tanjete of San Ildefonso, and Alonzo Catiti of Santo Domingo.

Under the rule of colonial New Mexico, the Spanish deployed ethnic categories ascribing "Pueblo" to lump linguistically and culturally diverse people into a single group, establishing dual and asymmetric social and economic relationships between the Spanish and Pueblo people. Po'pay and the other leaders appropriated this to mobilize the disparate and decimated villages against their colonizers.

August 10–19, 1680

After eight decades of living under foreign rule, Pueblo leaders fashioned a military alliance that transcended longstanding rivalries. For nine days, together they besieged the capital of Santa Fe and other pueblos. In this initial battle, over 400 Spanish military personnel and colonists and 21 Franciscan missionaries lost their lives: the number of Pueblo people who died is unknown. Governor Antonio de Otermin and his remaining colonists retreated in ignominy to El Paso del Norte (what is today Cuidad Juarez in Mexico).

Witnesses said that during the revolt and afterward, Po'Pay toured the pueblos, preaching a message of nativism and revivalism. He ordered the Pueblo people to break up and burn the images of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and other saints, to burn the temples, smash the bells, and separate from the wives the Christian church had given them.

Revitalization and Reconstruction

Between 1680 and 1692, despite the efforts of the Spanish to recapture the region, the Pueblo people rebuilt their kivas, revived their ceremonies and reconsecrated their shrines. People left their mission pueblos at Cochiti, Santo Domingo and Jemez and built new villages, such as Patokwa (established in 1860 and made up of Jemez, Apache/Navajos and Santo Domingo pueblo people), Kotyiti (1681, Cochiti, San Felipe and San Marcos pueblos), Boletsakwa (1680–1683, Jemez and Santo Domingo), Cerro Colorado (1689, Zia, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo) There were many others.

The architecture and settlement planning at these new villages was a new compact, dual-plaza form, a departure from the scattered layouts of mission villages. Liebmann and Pruecel have argued that this new format is what the builders considered a "traditional" village, based on clan moieties. Some potters worked on reviving traditional motifs on their glaze-ware ceramics, such as the doubled-headed key motif, which originated fro, 1400–1450.

New social identities were created, blurring the traditional linguistic-ethnic boundaries that defined Pueblo villages during the first eight decades of colonization. Inter-Pueblo trade and other ties between Pueblo people were established, such as new trade relationships between Jemez and Tewa people which became stronger during the revolt era than they had been in the 300 years before 1680.

Reconquest Attempts by the Spanish to reconquer the Rio Grande region began as early as 1681 when the former governor Otermin attempted to take back Santa Fe. Others included Pedro Romeros de Posada in 1688 and Domingo Jironza Petris de Cruzate in 1689—Cruzate's reconquest was particularly bloody, his group destroyed Zia pueblo, killing hundreds of residents. But the uneasy coalition of independent pueblos wasn't perfect: without a common enemy, the confederation broke into two factions: the Keres, Jemez, Taos and Pecos against the Tewa, Tanos, and Picuris.

The Spanish capitalized on the discord to make several reconquest attempts, and in August of 1692, the new governor of New Mexico Diego de Vargas, initiated his own reconquest, and this time was able to reach Santa Fe and on August 14 proclaimed the "Bloodless Reconquest of New Mexico." A second abortive revolt occurred in 1696, but after it failed, the Spanish remained in power until 1821 when Mexico declared independence from Spain.

Ysleta del Sur Pueblo

The Tribal community known as "Tigua" established Ysleta del Sur in 1682. After leaving the homelands of Quarai Pueblo due to drought, the Tigua sought refuge at Isleta Pueblo and were later captured by the Spanish during the 1680 Pueblo Revolt and forced to walk south for over 400 miles. The Tigua settled and built the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and, soon after, the acequia (canal) system that sustained a thriving agricultural-based community.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PUEBLO REVOLT

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[–] [email protected] 39 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (4 children)

Hi everyone. I used to be on this site about a year ago. I deleted my old account because the name could be linked back to me personally. And then I was just off social media for a while.

But now I'm back and reporting for shitposting duty chavez-salute

[–] [email protected] 22 points 1 year ago

Welcome back! meow-hug

[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago

Welcome back fidel-salute-big

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[–] [email protected] 38 points 1 year ago (7 children)

New Megathread Nerds!!!

spain-cool

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Remember nerds just like in the old site, no current struggle session discussion here on the new general megathread, i will ban you from the comm and remove your comment, have a good day/night :meow-coffee:

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[–] [email protected] 33 points 1 year ago (2 children)

managed to get the deposit down on an apartment with some friends sicko-wholesome

the rent is kind of bullshit and the landlord company is making us fill out a a bunch of awkward forms on on a really shittily designed website, but we managed it. theres meant to be a big lgbt community there and leftist organisations and people my own age. the only issue now is getting a job. its not usually in my nature, but i'm actually feeling pretty hopeful about life rn cri

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[–] [email protected] 29 points 1 year ago (3 children)

Anti-sex, pro-porn guy: leave it to the professionals

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[–] [email protected] 28 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Using the report function to tell the admins about my day

[–] [email protected] 24 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Can't report my own tho so could someone respond

[–] [email protected] 21 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Here, feel free to report mine sankara-salute

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[–] [email protected] 27 points 1 year ago (1 children)
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[–] [email protected] 25 points 1 year ago (4 children)

lol there are guys on reddit-logo suspecting hexbear of running DDOS attacks on Lemmy.

[–] [email protected] 22 points 1 year ago

hex bear more like scape goat

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[–] [email protected] 25 points 1 year ago (2 children)

smuglord today I will wander into hexbear to combat genocide denial

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[–] [email protected] 24 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

I'm really warming up to the federation, a lot of people from lemmy.ml seem cool and like someone said a few days ago watching libs wander in and get complete culture shock is indeed extremely funny

The recent Taiwan thread is premium slop party-sicko

[–] [email protected] 24 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Got high and forgot I ordered a Mac and Cheese because it took an hour to get delivered

Easily one of the best surprises I've gotten recently

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[–] [email protected] 24 points 1 year ago (3 children)

First, I am so full of rage right now. Just absolute seething fucking anger that you could run a geothermal plant off of.

Did you know most people don't think leaders are personally responsible for the misdeeds of their underlings? I've never understood that. Taking on a leadership position means, first and foremost, that everyone under you is your responsibility. They don't fuck up - You fucked up by not giving them the training, tools, mentorship, or leadership that they needed to accomplish their objectives. That's it. That's how leadership works. It's all your responsibility, and when it goes wrong it's all your fault.

And there's also no such thing as an accident. When the airline loses your luggage? That's not a fucking accident. Some very well paid people did a cost benefit analyses and agreed on the acceptable amount of luggage that could be lost without hurting profits. Your luggage wasn't lost. The airline decided they could ignore it, that it was acceptable to do so, that it was not in their (the shareholders) interest to give a shit. Someone made a decision not to make the luggage handling system better, more reliable, more consistent, easier on the employees. Someone made a decision not to hire more luggage handlers, have more on hand, have shorter shifts so they weren't tired, give them more time off and pay and benefits so they'd be fresh and healthy and motivated to do their jobs. Decisions were made by rich men in suits who hold you in contempt and you are suffering for those decisions.

And you have the right to extract justice from them at the point of a sword.

Thank you for coming to my lecture.

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[–] [email protected] 23 points 1 year ago (2 children)

Explaining Hexbear to my grandma. So there is this pig..

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[–] [email protected] 23 points 1 year ago (4 children)

The origin of the word dildo is completely unknown and lost to history

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[–] [email protected] 22 points 1 year ago (3 children)

good lord the dunking has been powerful

federation was a masterstroke

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[–] [email protected] 21 points 1 year ago (2 children)

Yeah I actually achieved Nirvana a while ago. It was pretty easy actually. Now I'm just doing this whole communism thing as a side quest

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[–] [email protected] 21 points 1 year ago (4 children)

Does anyone ever notice how capitalism in games is far too easy? Like you can be 30 minutes into playing, and already you got some sorta passive income going on. I'm playing Mount & Blade 2. For just a little bit of money, you can buy businesses. There's never a risk of bring priced out, having your shop burn, the lord stealing your business, or whatever real world shit that would happen with a business owner. I feel that this is a big reason why a lot of people think that capitalism is fair, because people make it happen virtually all the time.

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[–] [email protected] 20 points 1 year ago

Second-to-last day at current job. IT guy is on an extended vacation. Corporate rolled out a bunch of tech changes that made everything shit the bed. Lots of co-workers without internet access all this week, no ETA on a fix. And oh look, my backup wifi connection "mysteriously" stopped working too! Oh well, guess I can't do much except some light filing! How mysterious!

[–] [email protected] 20 points 1 year ago

Dad got laid off again. Now 4 out of 5 of my immediate family are jobless. Don't even know what to say

[–] [email protected] 20 points 1 year ago (2 children)

Playing Baldur's Gate and I feel like you were supposed to make your character hot. I'm surrounded by all these sexy party members and I'm a 3ft tall dwarf with a giant beard

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[–] [email protected] 20 points 1 year ago (2 children)

A friend of mine has cancer and is receiving immunotherapy. As of this month their hospital no longer requires masks and the nurses are all going around maskless. I don't think there are even air purifiers there.

This fucking country. Death to America, but not like this.

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[–] [email protected] 20 points 1 year ago (1 children)

just read the taiwan post in Lemmyml, im so happy with the hexbear-lemmygrad united front they-were-comrades

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[–] [email protected] 19 points 1 year ago

how did cormac mccarthy end up writing a better trans character than like 99% of contemporary queer media lmao

mild spoilers for the passenger (cw: transphobia?)

spoilerthere's a scene where a trans woman is describing her experience of coming out to her mother and when her mother doesn't take it well she tells her:

"Mama, try not to think of it as losing a son. Try to think of it as gaining a freak."

not gonna go into detail about her character, but she's genuinely one of the kindest and most sympathetic characters in the book

[–] [email protected] 19 points 1 year ago

good news the pain killers work. I was able to sleep like 10h without problem thanks to them

[–] [email protected] 19 points 1 year ago

In stock market news, the markets are happy that unemployment numbers are up, since that makes workers more exploitable. I'm 100% serious.

[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago (3 children)

Sometimes I feel as though I am so white, it almost feels racist to listen to rap music

Does anyone know what I mean

[–] [email protected] 24 points 1 year ago (1 children)
[–] [email protected] 19 points 1 year ago

See, hexbear even has a damn emoji to capture the attitude I’m referring to

[–] [email protected] 21 points 1 year ago

There are an awful lot of n words generally and yeah sometimes i worry about how I look to black people listening in public but like idk I didn't write the music shrug-outta-hecks

I did get told to turn it off the other day but it's just this one fucking micro managing fuck of a supervisor. Really pissed me off because WE WERE CLOSED so fuck "anybody can just walk in" like they can fuck off if they don't wanna hear the wu tang clan while I'm cleaning up shit and if it were up to me I'D BE WEARING FUCKING HEADPHONES but they won't fucking let us anymore because they're petty tyrants

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago

Me looking at my granddaughters notebook

⭐✨You're light on stickers ✨⭐

[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago (1 children)

All of the talk about introducing the new libs to hexbear and the thing I’m most excited for is the return of BMF posting. Holy fuck if that crossover won’t be iconic

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago (4 children)

Seeing the average rents around me has given me real doomer vibes today. Thank god I have rent control rn, but if I ever have to move I'm fucked.

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Should I start browsing by all instead of local now that we federated? Should I get a hit of that OG r/cth nostalgia? Should I sharpen my troll/dunking nails again?

[–] [email protected] 19 points 1 year ago

Gather ye rosebuds while ye may

Only a matter of time until they defederate

[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Fascist conspiracy theories: Okay so inter-dimensional jewsih reptile aliens are controlling and eating mankind my sources are /pol/ and tiktok.

Leftist conspiracy facts: The CIA did a lot of narco trafficking in the 80's and here's proof via peer reviewed books and interviews.

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (2 children)

Horny Linkin park be like

I got so hard, And cummed so far

But in the end, it didn't even splatter

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (4 children)

planet-hillary & xi-square-up are such great emoji additions

Are there any other newish ones I should know about?

Edit: smuglord too

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[–] [email protected] 18 points 1 year ago

me, the conspiracist who wants to believe, watching the UFO whistleblower guy get attacked for his personal issues: what the fuck

me, the lefty: get his ass

[–] [email protected] 17 points 1 year ago (3 children)

Just applied for a job I actually feel qualified for, forgot what that felt like for a minute

Can't wait to get ghosted or immediately rejected!!!! agony-consuming

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