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The Chinese party-state uses all methods to varying extents, from abductions to espionage and harassment. The targets of the repression are all within the regime-critical diaspora, including members of the democracy movement, human rights advocates, Falun Gong, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Mongolians, Hongkongers, and Taiwanese, according to a new study (pdf) conducted by the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), a government agency.
A particularly common method is proxy punishment of friends or relatives in China in order to pressure the activist to cease their political activism. In the case of Sweden, despite being targets of China’s transnational repression (TNR), the interviewees generally felt safe. The Swedish authorities take TNR seriously and the security agencies have had contact with most of the interviewees.
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Some of the interviewees had experienced direct threats from Chinese authorities while residing in Sweden. Twelve of the 16 interviewees described incidents where relatives or friends in China have been harassed or punished by Chinese security authorities because of their connection to the interviewee.
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"Currently, because the domestic political situation is relatively stable and the regime has extensive means to monitor and control the population, the Chinese regime is not seriously threatened by regime-critical diaspora movements," the report says.
"However, this can quickly change if a major upheaval, what social movement researchers call a quotidian disruption, happens."
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Diaspora activism can make a difference in individual cases. The Chinese regime cares about outside criticism; its massive TNR policy to silence the diaspora is evidence of that. Several interviewees pointed to the importance of maintaining media attention on the human rights situation in China in general and on individual cases in particular.
China will most likely continue to expand its TNR. It will be of increasing importance for liberal democracies such as Sweden to maintain focus on how to guard against TNR, to ensure the safety of refugees, and to make sure that members of the diaspora can continue their lawful political activities.
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