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submitted 1 year ago by [email protected] to c/[email protected]

Tamerlane (April 8, 1336–February 18, 1405) was the ferocious and terrifying founder of the Timurid empire of Central Asia, eventually ruling much of Europe and Asia. Throughout history, few names have inspired such terror as his. Tamerlane was not the conqueror's actual name, though. More properly, he is known as Timur, from the Turkic word for "iron."

Early Life

Timur was a member of the Turkicized Barlas tribe, a Mongol subgroup that had settled in Transoxania (now roughly corresponding to Uzbekistan) after taking part in Genghis Khan’s son Chagatai’s campaigns in that region. Timur thus grew up in what was known as the Chagatai khanate. After the death in 1357 of Transoxania’s current ruler, Amir Kazgan, Timur declared his fealty to the khan of nearby Kashgar, Tughluq Temür, who had overrun Transoxania’s chief city, Samarkand, in 1361.

Tughluq Temür appointed his son Ilyas Khoja as governor of Transoxania, with Timur as his minister. But shortly afterward Timur fled and rejoined his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, the grandson of Amir Kazgan. They defeated Ilyas Khoja (1364) and set out to conquer Transoxania, achieving firm possession of the region around 1366. About 1370 Timur turned against Husayn, besieged him in Balkh, and, after Husayn’s assassination, proclaimed himself at Samarkand sovereign of the Chagatai line of khans and restorer of the Mongol empire.

For the next 10 years Timur fought against the khans of Jatah (eastern Turkistan) and Khwārezm, finally occupying Kashgar in 1380. He gave armed support to Tokhtamysh, who was the Mongol khan of Crimea and a refugee at his court, against the Russians (who had risen against the khan of the Golden Horde, Mamai); and his troops occupied Moscow and defeated the Lithuanians near Poltava.

In 1383 Timur began his conquests in Persia with the capture of Herāt. The Persian political and economic situation was extremely precarious. The signs of recovery visible under the later Mongol rulers known as the Il-Khanid dynasty had been followed by a setback after the death of the last Il-Khanid, Abu Said (1335). The vacuum of power was filled by rival dynasties, torn by internal dissensions and unable to put up joint or effective resistance. Khorāsān and all eastern Persia fell to him in 1383–85; Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Georgia all fell between 1386 and 1394. In the intervals, he was engaged with Tokhtamysh, then khan of the Golden Horde, whose forces invaded Azerbaijan in 1385 and Transoxania in 1388, defeating Timur’s generals.

In 1391 Timur pursued Tokhtamysh into the Russian steppes and defeated and dethroned him; but Tokhtamysh raised a new army and invaded the Caucasus in 1395. After his final defeat on the Kur River, Tokhtamysh gave up the struggle; Timur occupied Moscow for a year. The revolts that broke out all over Persia while Timur was away on these campaigns were repressed with ruthless vigour; whole cities were destroyed, their populations massacred, and towers built of their skulls.

In 1398 Timur invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were showing excessive tolerance to their Hindu subjects. He crossed the Indus River on September 24 and, leaving a trail of carnage, marched on Delhi. The army of the Delhi sultan Mahmud Tughluq was destroyed at Panipat on December 17, and Delhi was reduced to a mass of ruins, from which it took more than a century to emerge. By April 1399 Timur was back in his own capital. An immense quantity of spoil was conveyed away; according to Ruy González de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were employed to carry stones from quarries to erect a mosque at Samarkand.

Timur set out before the end of 1399 on his last great expedition, in order to punish the Mamlūk sultan of Egypt and the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I for their seizures of certain of his territories. After restoring his control over Azerbaijan, he marched on Syria; Aleppo was stormed and sacked, the Mamlūk army defeated, and Damascus occupied (1401), the deportation of its artisans to Samarkand being a fatal blow to its prosperity. In 1401 Baghdad was also taken by storm, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred, and all its monuments were destroyed.

After wintering in Georgia, Timur invaded Anatolia, destroyed Bayezid’s army near Ankara (July 20, 1402), and captured Smyrna from the Knights of Rhodes. Having received offers of submission from the sultan of Egypt and from John VII (then coemperor of the Byzantine Empire with Manuel II Palaeologus), Timur returned to Samarkand (1404) and prepared for an expedition to China. He set out at the end of December, fell ill at Otrar on the Syr Darya west of Chimkent, and died in February 1405. His body was embalmed, laid in an ebony coffin, and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried in the sumptuous tomb called Gūr-e Amīr. Before his death he had divided his territories among his two surviving sons and his grandsons, and, after years of internecine struggles, the lands were reunited by his youngest son, Shāh Rokh.

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[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

Moving along with the latest weave. I think im about a third/fourth of the way through.

[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

convinced next year's major ck3 dlc (or at least a core dlc) will be all about the crusades and fleshing out christianity and islam and stuff based on some baseless speculation ive been making

[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

fuck landlords
fuck cars

[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

i won the SPD game, i started a civil war in 1932 with the KPD on our side, soviet assistance will surely clinch it.

the game appears to think this was not an ideal outcome

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[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

The only thing I have desired in my adult life is to talk about books I like with people. How hard can that possibly be, right?

Dante Must Die Mode. It seems like 95% of the time I'd be more productive holding people up at gunpoint and treating it like an interrogation. Sucks to suck; the precious few times I've been able to do it, that shit's like a drug. Please, I beg of you, we can talk about this forever, I have headcanons and fundamental misunderstandings!

Something that's been rolling around my head for years now is that, in ~~Nevada by Imogen Binnie~~ Orange Book Bad, there's this one bit where Maria Griffiths in her narration observes some total bullshit about genderqueer identities, which is not epic and I'm actually gonna cw for transphobia:

Quote -

Not to mention, if you are a total baby panda at Internet communities asking, like, How do I get hormones, Internet trans women are very nice: they will tell you. But when you ask a more complicated question, like say, how do you resolve a genderqueer identity with a female identity when it seems like acknowledging the restraints of female identity and then bursting them doesn’t make you no longer female, just empowered, and therefore is genderqueer a privileged identity that’s mostly available to female-assigned people with punk rock haircuts, in college, everybody gets all butt-hurt and you get in trouble.

Wow, I should post literal Nevada quotes online more often. This is fun!!

Anyway on its face this is stupid for a whole fucking mess of reasons I'm pretty sure, like Orange Book Bad itself references Gender Outlaw once or twice, (slightly dimly, fwiw) and this kind of read is noooot compatible with Bornstein's read of gender as a class system. Ah yes, a non-cis identity is privileged and only available to one assigned gender...? Fuck off with that. It's sort-of consistent with Binnie's short I Met A Girl Named Bat in 2012's The Collection as well, which uses "both genders" once, maybe just for the sake of being an asshole.

The thing is, I have constantly wondered if I am missing something, or this is a bit or whatever, like an inside joke.This read feels kind of fucking stupid, but I don't have any other evidence by which to prove or disprove its shittiness. You can also observe that most people would rightly not bother, and dismiss it as a dogshit take. I'm slightly biased though, if Orange Book Bad is shitty, I desire to know exactly on what level and why.

Another factor is that someone could crawl out of the woodwork and be like "I lived next to a trans girl who said she was friends with Binnie, its actually a brilliant deliberate example of what an immovably awful person Maria is, Binnie said so" or something like that. I have low knowledge about this specific brainrot subject of books, so that's a possibility. I only want to understand shit.

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[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago
[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

Twitch has managed to break my adblocker again. This shit sucks

[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

japan is really working overtime turning all the worst slop I've ever enjoyed into anime this year, what the fuck

[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

down with cis

[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago
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[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

ugh I felt great earlier but now I feel like my brain is made of cotton candy, playing league of legends like this is difficult but I'm still winnin GO ADC MUNDO

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[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

Disappointed the fallout tv series decided to go with shooter fallout instead of turn based rpg fallour.

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[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

Never thought I'd get an achievement for it big-cool

[-] [email protected] 10 points 1 year ago

lmaooo the microsoft bing automated wallpaper at work today is four burrowing owl chicks owl-pissed leo-point

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[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

I hope the reason people keep (successfully) asking me for money in public is that I give off some kind of scent, I want to believe I have the smell of a person who will not judge you

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

Reading Unjust Depths 9.4 and

Understanding communism as an alternative to capitalism could change someone's world.

And perhaps that knowlege could drive the person a little insane.

But to build a better world, the truth had to be exposed, understood, analysed

Whatever do you mean Murati, surely becoming a pinko commie would never drive someone absolutely mad and shatter their mind agony-soviet

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[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

What if someone made that movie where the Beatles never existed, but also John Lennon was traded for Lenin and he never had a stroke soviet-hmm

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[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

The boxcar children when Vulpes Inculta shows up to the function squidward-nervous

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

We will never understand the mysteries of Amazon's advanced AI systems and how it makes predictions like "you want the thing in your cart" and "you'll probably buy toilet paper again".

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

oh nice Timur Mega

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

What do you think Furry Culture is like on the Planet of the Apes Planet? More of a Scalie thing? Would some start dressing up as Charleton Heston? Welcome to film studies 101, your regular professor has disappeared and you're stuck with me now.

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

I have a confession to make. I am actually {~~based~~|~~cringe~~} {cringe|based}.

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

We should train a pigeon army to tactical poop on CEOs and politicians. I want genocide joe to get pooped on while he's giving a press conference

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[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

Making MLB TV a "premium" sports channel out of pure corporate greed is not oksquidward-scream-point

But seriously, fuck Verizon. Already pay out the ass for their service, which includes a "sports package" and now they arbitrarily choose to make stupid changes. Honestly the only reason I still have it is because my dad prefers cable TV to streaming (not that it's much better these days). Only other option doesn't offer gigabit internet, which we still need since my brother works from home and my mom and I stream a lot of content.

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

I know of the Timurids because I play a bit of EUIV

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[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

steban's last lines of dialogue might be one of the most emotional moments I've gotten from a game. I've been affected by many moments, but that last bit of hope he gives you at the end left me speechless and 🥲 for a bit

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

Went to a jam session last night.

Met someone who was trans who was filling in as host, she was very nice and probably the most easy person I've talked to at a jam in a long time. I accidentally said dude to her but I say it literally all the time non-gendered and I apologized after the fact just incase. If you off-chance post here wassup, you rule thanks for hosting please do more i really appreciated that you made sure everyone got to play.

I played two songs, Bluesette called by an apparently old racist Russian dude. I still can't "really" play in 3 but I can fake it pretty well.

Then second tune was There Will Be Another You was with a singer. Liked playing this one better, I got to show case my touch and volume, I feel like I'm often the only drummer who shows up who will bring it way down.

I noticed that my trad grip work is paying off and I feel like I'm picking it up quickly because I studied specifically rebound for so long. Like maybe 8 months of hitting rebound everyday, I'm still studying it but I'm about to put it down to make time for other things.

I'm taking a vacation I've been saving up for about five years soon and I was talking to a friend about where to go, I hope I have a good time.

Drove some friends home after the jam bc im nice like that. We talked about the racist russian dude, Chinese food and Yeonmi Parks big ol fake tatas and how she has machine guns in them (like in Austin Powers) to kill Joe Brandon.

[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago

just moved and my new landlord is a total scumbag, have a leak that is going into the downstairs neighbor's apartment and he said he'll send someone in a few weeks (???)

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[-] [email protected] 9 points 1 year ago
[-] [email protected] 8 points 1 year ago
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this post was submitted on 09 Apr 2024
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