The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE. The Inca Empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south. It was the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
Undaunted by the often harsh Andean environment, the Incas conquered people and exploited landscapes in such diverse settings as plains, mountains, deserts, and tropical jungle. Famed for their unique art and architecture, they constructed finely-built and imposing buildings wherever they conquered, and their spectacular adaptation of natural landscapes with terracing, highways, and mountaintop settlements continues to impress modern visitors at such world-famous sites as Machu Picchu.
History
As with other ancient Americas cultures, the historical origins of the Incas are difficult to disentangle from the founding myths they themselves created. According to legend, in the beginning, the creator god Viracocha came out of the Pacific Ocean, and when he arrived at Lake Titicaca, he created the sun and all ethnic groups. These first people were buried by the god and only later did they emerge from springs and rocks (sacred pacarinas) back into the world. The Incas, specifically, were brought into existence at Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) from the sun god Inti; hence, they regarded themselves as the chosen few, the 'Children of the Sun', and the Inca ruler was Inti's representative and embodiment on earth. In another version of the creation myth, the first Incas came from a sacred cave known as Tampu T'oqo or 'The House of Windows', which was located at Pacariqtambo, the 'Inn of Dawn', south of Cuzco. The first pair of humans were Manco Capac (or Manqo Qhapaq) and his sister (also his wife) Mama Oqllu (or Ocllo). Three more brother-sister siblings were born, and the group set off together to found their civilization. Defeating the Chanca people with the help of stone warriors (pururaucas), the first Incas finally settled in the Valley of Cuzco and Manco Capac, throwing a golden rod into the ground, established what would become the Inca capital, Cuzco.
The rise of the Inca Empire was spectacularly quick. First, all speakers of the Inca language Quechua (or Runasimi) were given privileged status, and this noble class then dominated all the important roles within the empire. Thupa Inca Yupanqui (also known as Topa Inca Yupanqui), Pachacuti's successor from 1471 CE, is credited with having expanded the empire by a massive 4,000 km (2,500 miles). The Incas themselves called their empire Tawantinsuyo (or Tahuantinsuyu) meaning 'Land of the Four Quarters' or 'The Four Parts Together'. Cuzco was considered the navel of the world, and radiating out were highways and sacred sighting lines (ceques) to each quarter: Chinchaysuyu (north), Antisuyu (east), Collasuyu (south), and removedisuyu (west). Spreading across ancient Ecuador, Peru, northern Chile, Bolivia, upland Argentina, and southern Colombia and stretching 5,500 km (3,400 miles) north to south, 40,000 Incas governed a huge territory with some 10 million subjects speaking over 30 different languages.
The Inca Empire was founded on, and maintained by, force, and the ruling Incas were very often unpopular with their subjects (especially in the northern territories), a situation that the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores), led by Francisco Pizarro, would take full advantage of in the middle decades of the 16th century CE. The Inca Empire, in fact, had still not reached a stage of consolidated maturity when it faced its greatest challenge. Rebellions were rife, and the Incas were engaged in a war in Ecuador where a second Inca capital had been established at Quito. Even more serious, the Incas were hit by an epidemic of European diseases, such as smallpox, which had spread from central America even faster than the European invaders themselves, and the wave killed a staggering 65-90% of the population. Such a disease killed Wayna Qhapaq in 1528 CE, and two of his sons, Waskar and Atahualpa, battled in a damaging civil war for control of the empire just when the European treasure-hunters arrived. It was this combination of factors - a perfect storm of rebellion, disease, and invasion - which brought the downfall of the mighty Inca Empire, the largest and richest ever seen in the Americas.
The Inca language Quechua lives on today and is still spoken by some eight million people. There are also a good number of buildings, artefacts, and written accounts which have survived the ravages of conquerors, looters, and time. These remains are proportionally few to the vast riches which have been lost, but they remain indisputable witnesses to the wealth, ingenuity, and high cultural achievements of this great but short-lived civilization.
https://www.worldhistory.org/Inca_Civilization/
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Chapotraphouse
Banned? DM Wmill to appeal.
No anti-nautilism posts. See: Eco-fascism Primer
Slop posts go in c/slop. Don't post low-hanging fruit here.
Acetylaldehyde is the main culprit of damage from alcohol consumption, your body metabolises alcohol into acetylaldehyde and then from there to acetate, both of these steps are done in the liver (Because you don't want roaming acetylaldehyde) but it can only do so at a certain speed. Which means the more alcohol you consume the more acetylaldehyde is built up. Acetylaldehyde binds to a lot of stuff covalently causing your cells to take damage and in the final result fall apart and die, hence the liver damage. It also results in other bonds that themselves result in the release of free radicals which themselves bind to various bits of hydrogen that was otherwise occupied in what we call oxidative stress. (Edit: It feels unnecessary to add, but in case you're wondering oxidative stress is generally bad for whatever process experiences it)
Acetylaldehyde conversion to acetate cannot be meaningfully modified by anything but the presence of NAD+ (A coenzyme for this any many other reaction) in your liver, which you as a person cannot meaningfully do anything about. Any product that claims to change this is a scam, and if you are selling such a product you are a snake oil salesman.
Cody Johnston of some more news. Someone should fucking sue you.
This stuff genuinely makes me mad. This isn't the first time they've shilled scam medicines either. Yes Cody and Cody defenders it's a scam medicine even if you call it a fucking supplement, you Alex Jones wannabe.
This one is especially egregious because not only do they misinform their audience about this stuff, not only are they clearly underinformed (The liver is not the fucking gut), they start off by dismissing stuff that would actually help people.
God I hate this.
The zbiotics guys started advertising on Cody's news showdy?
Yep.
Edit: But what gets me here is that they've invented entirely new claims that the zbiotic people don't even make to put in their ad. Like they clearly wanted to put their own twist on the ad copy so they just made some stuff up, and it's wrong and it's lying to people about their health, and I don't like it.
I worked the kitchen in an Organic grocery store for a bit. It was more of a snake oil store with a section for organic groceries, really. They too up a 3rd if the store and made 2 /3 of the profits. These people scamming elderly cancer patients desperate for anything that might work, anti medicine hippie freaks (this was 2017ish, so early era anti vaxxers) who's delusions were being catered to at their financial and medical expense. They should go to a fucking doctor. It should be illegal to sell fake medicine under any name. What makes it even worse is that they believed the bullshit they were peddling as well and made grand gestures about how good and wholesome they are. Absolutely self satisfied people who do worse than nothing, they gleefully exploit the sick and act like they're saving the earth. Fuck hippies