Found a old paper from 1968, University of Missouri College of Agriculture that mentions these survey markers being used to compute sediment levels in small reservoirs to predict loss of capacity, actual volume of water in a reservoir etc.
If I'm reading this right, this is one of a series of markers placed some arbitrary distance apart and across from each other, allowing topographical maps, accurate measurement of water levels and depth. Apparently cables were strung across the reservoir, pulled very taut, and then fathometers were used in addition to other surveying equipment.
Pretty neat if you like to nerd out on it.
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/50701000/cswq-t6160-rausch.pdf