this post was submitted on 18 Jan 2025
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History

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In 1968 and 1969, student protests at several Japanese universities ultimately forced the closure of campuses across Japan. Known as daigaku funsō (大学紛争, lit. 'university troubles') or daigaku tōsō (大学闘争, 'university struggles'), the protests were part of the worldwide protest cycle in 1968 and the late-1960s Japanese protest cycle, including the Anpo protests of 1970 and the struggle against the construction of Narita Airport. Students demonstrated initially against practical issues in universities and eventually formed the Zenkyōtō in mid-1968 to organize themselves. The Act on Temporary Measures concerning University Management allowed for the dispersal of protesters in 1969.

Initially, demonstrations were organized to protest against unpaid internships at the University of Tokyo Medical School. Building on years of student organization and protest, New Left student organizations began occupying buildings around campus. The other main campus where the protests originated was Nihon University. They began with student discontent over alleged corruption in the university board of directors. At Nihon, protests were driven less by ideology and more by pragmatism because of the university's traditional and conservative nature. The movement spread to other Japanese universities, escalating into violence both on campus and in the streets. In late 1968, at the zenith of the movement, thousands of students entered Tokyo's busiest railway station, Shinjuku, and rioted. Factional infighting (uchi-geba, 内ゲバ) was rampant among these students. In January 1969, the police besieged the University of Tokyo and ended the protests there, leading to renewed fervor from students at other universities, where protests continued. However, as public support for the students fell, and the police increased their efforts to stop the protests, the movement waned. The passage of the 1969 Act on Temporary Measures concerning University Management gave police the legal basis to apply more forceful measures, although splinter groups of the New Left groups, such as the United Red Army, continued their violence into the 1970s.

The students drew ideological inspiration from the works of Marxist theorists like Karl Marx and Leon Trotsky, French existentialist philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, and the homegrown philosophy of the Japanese poet and critic Takaaki Yoshimoto. Yoshimoto's interpretation of "autonomy" (jiritsusei) and "subjectivity" (shutaisei) were based on his critique of the progressive liberal interpretations of these ideas by other Japanese intellectuals such as Masao Maruyama, whom he denounced as hypocritical. The students' devotion to shutaisei in particular would lead ultimately to the disintegration of their movement, as they focused increasingly on "self-negation" (jiko hitei) and "self-criticism" (hansei).

The university troubles helped in the emergence of Mitsu Tanaka's Women's Liberation (Ūman Ribu) movement. While most disputes had settled down by the 1970s and many of the students had reintegrated into Japanese society, the protests' ideas entered the cultural sphere, inspiring writers like Haruki Murakami and Ryū Murakami. The students' political demands made education reform a priority for the Japanese government, which it tried to address through organizations such as the Central Council for Education. The protests have been the subject of modern popular media, such as Kōji Wakamatsu's 2007 film United Red Army.

Zenkyōtō

The All-Campus Joint Struggle Committees (Japanese: 全学共闘会議; Zengaku kyōtō kaigi), commonly known as the Zenkyōtō (Japanese: 全共闘), were Japanese student organizations consisting of anti-government leftists and non-sectarian radicals.

The movement began at the University of Tokyo and Nihon University, and expanded rapidly to the other major universities over the subsequent three years.

Across the country, 127 universities — 24 percent of the national four-year university system in total — experienced strikes or occupations in 1968. In 1969, this rose to 153 universities or 41 percent. There was also a Zenkyōtō movement in the Japanese high schools.

Up to this point, mobilizing in the student movement meant conforming to the rules of the student council and constituting a clear majority within it. The Zenkyōtō, however, was formed in a voluntarist manner — or through direct democracy, so to speak — as an extralegal organization that operated outside the rules and without recognition by the university administration, consciously opposing the existing type of conformism.

The Zenkyōtō had no rules that governed either its membership or its leadership. Political sects participated in the movement, along with a multitude of small nonpartisan groups, but these organizations fought under the banner of each specific university in the Zenkyōtō.

From the moment of its formation, the Zenkyōtō spread to universities across the whole of Japan, something that had never been seen before in the postwar Japanese student movement, marking the specific character of ’68. Yet, at the same time, the Zenkyōtō as an organization overburdened itself from the outset with political difficulties specific to the practice of direct democracy, difficulties that would emerge later as the movement developed.

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[–] [email protected] 4 points 1 hour ago

Just finished a rewatch of True Detective Season 1 and OMG it's even better than I'd remembered it.

Don't think I've ever seen a TV series that good (haven't seen a lot)

[–] [email protected] 3 points 1 hour ago

Come on TrueAnon release a new ep I cbf to listen to Liz's boomer ramblings about Nos

[–] [email protected] 8 points 3 hours ago

When you ban treats in a treat based economy biden-troll

[–] [email protected] 6 points 2 hours ago* (last edited 1 hour ago)
[–] [email protected] 4 points 2 hours ago

Funny how much redditors claim to hate TikTok yet 8/10 links on r/all are about the US shutdown lol

[–] [email protected] 7 points 4 hours ago (1 children)

at this point qanon truthers hate Trump more than anyone.

mfers are trying to assassinate him because they are "bored"

[–] [email protected] 6 points 3 hours ago* (last edited 3 hours ago)

I wonder if we're going to get more assassination attempts by groypers during the next few years, as part of some greater right-wing infighting saga.

[–] [email protected] 10 points 5 hours ago

throwback to this classic January tweet

[–] [email protected] 6 points 4 hours ago (1 children)

Is there any greater example of shrinkflation than pringles?

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[–] [email protected] 6 points 4 hours ago

the internet is all robots now. We started off with no girls, now we got rid of all humans period.

[–] [email protected] 15 points 6 hours ago (1 children)
[–] [email protected] 6 points 5 hours ago* (last edited 5 hours ago)

~~There's~~ ~~There's no longer~~ There's a dang CHEETO in the whitehouse!

[–] [email protected] 5 points 4 hours ago

Liberals: "Racism is bad!"

Me: "Okay! That means that you aren't racist if you think it's bad then, right?"

Liberals:

[–] [email protected] 5 points 4 hours ago

Rednote now has the country names under comments translated too

[–] [email protected] 11 points 6 hours ago* (last edited 6 hours ago) (3 children)

Damn dude the anti-vegan vitriol on little red book is craaaazy. Any post that comes across my feed that even mentions vegans in any way has the most cursed comment section, coming from both westerners and Chinese users lol. I forgot the nice safe space we’ve created here.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 3 hours ago

I have found a good few vegan Chinese accounts on there. they are there!

[–] [email protected] 6 points 5 hours ago

The app keeps trying to recommend me people fishing and slaughtering pigs and stuff. Also a lot of users doing things with/to their pets that are not outright abuse but are stupid, uncomfortable, and unsafe.

[–] [email protected] 7 points 5 hours ago

It's unfortunate that the world is so meat obsessed.

[–] [email protected] 9 points 6 hours ago

My job is depressing me so bad. God I want to live in socialism so hard.

[–] [email protected] 6 points 5 hours ago* (last edited 5 hours ago)

I think tiktok ban is pretty funny just cuz rich himbos temporarily cant make money off their narcissist lifestyle no more

[–] [email protected] 7 points 6 hours ago

Just put out a smoke on what happened to be a lose bit of hash from a joint from a week ago and got to essentially do hot knives from my ash tray. I also made like 6 Naan pizzas

[–] [email protected] 5 points 5 hours ago

For the last year now, I dunno where the Emote Repository Git went

@[email protected] could you perhaps help me with that all-my-apes-gone

[–] [email protected] 12 points 7 hours ago (3 children)

is it just me or do ppl these days seem more averse to the idea of piracy? like a few years ago, maybe 10? i feel like everyone online was all for piracy and would do it all the time. but now if i suggest piracy ppl will go "nooo piracy scary" and i dont get it????

[–] [email protected] 7 points 5 hours ago* (last edited 5 hours ago) (1 children)

I'm so used to piracy being normal that I've legitimately made people uncomfortable a few times with just a casual mention. At work. Which like maybe its not the best place to be talking about it but come on.

Once I recommended a show and someone asked what streaming service it was on, and I said I didn't know because I pirated it. They said 'oh' and got visibly uncomfortable.

We were chatting about our hobby projects over the Summer and I talked about my home server in really vague details since its boring nerd shit, then people asked of I was like ripping all my media or where I got it from. Said I pirated it all, then it got real quiet.

I know everyone in my work likes to think we actually help the world (we dont) and that our employees are good/moral people (a lot of them aren't) but I'm willing to bet 80% of them have watched a movie online before Netflix was popular.

[–] [email protected] 5 points 5 hours ago (1 children)

the idea that you're an immoral person for not giving netflix money every month is crazy lol

[–] [email protected] 6 points 4 hours ago

I work with young people and the organization has used the words "steal" when referring to piracy of copyrighted works before. So I think their impression is that I'm a potential corrupter of the youth.

But they're wrong, because I always tell them not to visit Anna's Archive under any circumstances. And I do it verbally to really get the message through.

[–] [email protected] 9 points 6 hours ago* (last edited 6 hours ago) (1 children)

I've noticed the same and it's like not even an age thing. People that used to be piracy are scared. Where I am the worst thst can happen is your ip sends you an email that you absolutely don't reply to and that's if you go with one of the phone company ips which is gettimg way less popular cause there's a better smaller one that's half the price and they don't give any fucks that you do

[–] [email protected] 6 points 5 hours ago (1 children)

i think they're more afraid of getting a virus than legal action

but like, it's not that hard to only download from trusted sources. and ive seen ppl refuse to download video files due to fear of viruses

idk its weird...

[–] [email protected] 5 points 5 hours ago

Yeah videos are safe as hell, most games are too. Unsafe shit tends to lose seeds fast.

[–] [email protected] 6 points 6 hours ago (5 children)

I just forgot that soulseek existed up until like 2 months ago. Also I think streaming made it much easier to access almost all content you need so paying for it is maybe a good trade for convenience?

[–] [email protected] 5 points 5 hours ago

i hate subscriptions so that might explain it

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[–] [email protected] 5 points 5 hours ago* (last edited 5 hours ago)

Its kinda funny in a way that the tiktok ban will last long enough to end all tiktok streaks from USA users, i wonder how much will that piss off people

also i wonder how many people will stay in rednote if the ban gets reversed

[–] [email protected] 5 points 6 hours ago* (last edited 6 hours ago)

Did you know that Xi has enough equipment in his basement to see what every American has for breakfast?

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