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UK prime minister ... Burnham said the institution [a new National Centre for Information Defence to be set up by his government] will “detect, attribute and disrupt” foreign information attacks.
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Sweden has a dedicated agency for exactly this purpose. Its “psychological defence” approach sees an informed public as one of the country’s most important protections against foreign manipulation.
This idea dates to 1954, when the Swedish government set up a board for psychological defence to study propaganda and keep people informed during the cold war. Its spirit survives in a line from Sweden’s household crisis booklet, carried over from wartime editions: “All information to the effect that resistance is to cease is false.”
The board was abolished in 2008, but Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 began to change minds. And in January 2022, weeks before Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Sweden opened its new psychological defence agency.
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The agency is small, with about 80 staff and a budget of around 150 million Swedish Krona (£11.3 million, €13.4 million), and operates under the jurisdiction of Sweden’s defence ministry. In wartime, its job is to stop an enemy breaking down the nation’s will to resist.
In peacetime, its director, Magnus Hjort, says the agency’s main aim is strengthening public preparedness. The agency proclaims that strong psychological defence rests on an independent media, a mutually trusting society and a well-informed population.
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The agency runs an awareness campaign called “Don’t Be Fooled”, which boils effective resistance down to four habits: watch out for content designed to make you angry or afraid, think twice before sharing it, check the source and look for verifiable information.
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The psychological defence agency tailors its work to groups it considers more vulnerable. It works with civil society on a Youth Resilience Hub to prepare young people for information attacks, makes educational films for older people about election interference and ensures its awareness campaigns run in Swedish, English and Arabic.
The agency also trains councils and businesses, and offered courses to municipal and regional officials ahead of Sweden’s September 2026 elections. And it provides free training to journalists on how to spot influence operations.
Psychological defence prioritises reaching every person and teaches that, in information warfare, the citizen is the target. This message reaches every letterbox. In November 2024, Sweden posted 5.2 million copies of the agency’s latest national crisis booklet, which warns that disinformation campaigns aimed at sowing mistrust happen every day.
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The UK’s new centre already faces charges Sweden has had to answer. Within days of Burnham’s announcement, Reform UK party leader Nigel Farage labelled it an Orwellian “ministry of information”. He warned it “will be used to clamp down on free speech”.
Sweden’s psychological defence agency safeguards against concerns about censorship by only dealing with foreign influence. It treats citizens who repeat falsehoods as people to help, proclaiming that in a free society people have the right to be wrong.
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Burnham named those most at risk of foreign information manipulation: young people not in work and people struggling with the cost of living. Yet the UK’s official preparedness website says nothing about disinformation, and no part of government currently has clear responsibility for preparing the public.
Sweden gave that job to a dedicated agency, and the new National Centre for Information Defence is the obvious UK candidate. Its remit is still being settled, meaning there is still time to build preparedness into its mandate.
Detecting and disrupting information attacks will always matter, and Sweden’s experience suggests that the strongest defence is a public that recognises an attack when it sees one.
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