In response to increasing coastal hazards, there is growing interest in nature-based solutions (NbS) to provide flood and erosion protection while maintaining ecosystem services and public beach access in California (Council, 2025, California Coastal Commission, 2025). Beach and dune nourishments are increasingly sought as sediment-based defenses capable of attenuating wave energy and reducing runup through dynamic sediment exchange (Myers et al., 2023, Grimes et al., 2025). However, despite widespread use and policy support, substantial scientific uncertainty remains about the long-term effectiveness and resilience of dune-based adaptation under extreme storms and SLR (Houser et al., 2015, Barnard et al., 2021, Griggs, 2024).

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