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A general strike is the simultaneous stoppage of work by employees across multiple, often unrelated industries and enterprises within a city, region, or an entire country. It is typically used as a large-scale form of collective action to exert economic and political pressure, often in support of broad social or labor demands rather than issues limited to a single workplace or sector.

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A trade union (or labor union) is a voluntary association of workers formed to represent and protect their social and labor rights and interests. Unions advocate for better wages, working conditions, job security, and benefits, and often engage in collective bargaining with employers on behalf of their members.

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Vertical restraints are agreements between firms operating at different stages of the same production or supply chains(manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers, for example). They commonly take the form of obligations or restrictions - like fixed or minimum resale price set by manufacturer, supply exclusivity agreements, territorial restrictions on sales etc.

They can increase efficiency and provide other conditional positives on the agreed parties, but - without proper control - can often result in limiting competition.

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Agio (from Italian aggio) is - simply put - an exchange rate... with a twist.

Historically, agio referred to a premium paid above nominal value when exchanging depreciated paper money for full-value metallic coins (such as gold or silver) of the same denomination. It reflected the difference in real value between weaker and stronger forms of currency and was especially common during periods of monetary instability or inflation.

In modern usage, agio has become a broader commercial term, referring to exchange rate differences, premiums, or discounts in financial transactions. It is used in contexts such as bond pricing and foreign currency exchange, where it denotes the difference between nominal (or face) value and market value. While the original meaning tied specifically to currency conversion has largely become historical, the term has expanded to describe value differentials more generally and is sometimes even used in place of “exchange rate” in certain contexts.

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Payment in kind (or, in this context, salary in kind) is a form of wage compensation where workers receive goods, services, or other property instead of money. This method has historically been used in agriculture, household service, and early industrial settings, where employers might provide food, housing, clothing, or other necessities as part of a worker’s compensation. In the broader sense, payment in kind also refers to other business repayments or compensations (interest, debt etc.) using things other than cash: goods, services, or even further securities like additional debt.

Treat yourself to something nice today

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A food artel (pronounced artěl) is a voluntary association of individuals who unite to carry out joint economic activity related to the production, processing, or distribution of food products. Members typically contribute their labor and share responsibility and profits from the collective work.

It is useful to distinguish this from a cooperative. A cooperative is an association of members who pool resources for purchasing, production, or services. An artel, by contrast, traditionally refers to a group of people who personally work together in a shared enterprise and share the results of their labor. Because English has no exact equivalent for this historical form, the Russian term artel is often kept in translation or loosely described as a labor cooperative. For example, a consumer cooperative might buy food in bulk for its members, while a food artel could run its own bakery staffed by the members themselves.

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*A tender is a method of purchasing goods or services based on open competition. In this process, organizations invite suppliers to submit bids, and the contract is awarded according to predefined criteria such as price, quality, and reliability. Tenders are commonly used in public procurement to ensure transparency and fair competition - at least in theory.

This system is designed to promote equal access and efficient use of public funds. However, because tenders often involve access to government budget money, they can be vulnerable to manipulation, underhanded competition, favoritism, or corruption if oversight and accountability mechanisms are weak.