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ESL homework
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this post was submitted on 15 Feb 2026
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Languages come in tiers. English is the global lingua franca. People use it to speak to anyone, no matter whether English native speaker or not. If someone from Norway wants to talk to someone from Japan, they'll most likely use English since both of them likely speak it.
Then there's regional lingua francas, languages like Spanish, Russian or Mandarin. These languages are popular in specific parts of the world and often used to get around there. Someone from Ukraine can speak to someone from Belarus using Russian.
Lastly, there's local languages that are spoken only in a country (or even only a part of a country). People speak them because that's what they were grown up with.
So in general, there's 4 "language slots" of languages people speak:
One language can fill multiple slots.
So for example, if you grew up in Ukraine and moved to Germany, you might speak the following languages, according to the slots above:
If you are born in Wales and never moved away, it might look like this:
If you spent your life in the US, it would be like this:
This is the reason why people living in countries with lower-tier languages frequently speak 3-4 languages, while English native speakers really struggle to even learn the basics of one additional language. Because the former group has an actual use for more than one language, while the latter one don't.
If you are born in Wales and never moved away, it might look like this:
Welsh is an official language of the UK and most things in Wales are in Welsh first and English second.
Away from the south and the more touristy areas, you're likely to find people speaking Welsh in everyday life (education, shopping, workplace), rather than just at home.
Oh, and Wales, England and Scotland are countries. The UK is a state made up of 3 countries and a region, whereas the USA is a country made up of 50 states and some territories and districts etc.
I lived in Wales for a year and I managed to learn some very basic Welsh myself. It's been about 15 years now, but at least back then it was mainly old and very young people who spoke Welsh. Most people aged 20-60 didn't speak Welsh at all, with the younger ones learning it at school.
But I guess with that generation being up to maybe 35 now, speaking Welsh is likely much more common than it was back then. So yeah, my chart above is likely outdated.
My central point is just that Welsh is one of the languages of Wales and so can be third on your bullet points.
I think it's at the very least rather undiplomatic to argue that it shouldn't be called a national language of Wales.
I've had people swear blind to me that they visited Wales on holiday and Welsh people are rude because they speak English in the shop until an English person turns up and then they switch to Welsh to exclude the English. I think they were mistaken that English was being spoken before they went in (how would they know?) and just assumed they were speaking English until they started paying attention, when they realised it was Welsh. I'm willing to bet £10 that any such people cannot accurately tell me the content of the English that was being spoken until they "switched to Welsh".
Culturally, ignoring Welsh or downplaying its relevance to real people's lives is similar in offence to telling British people that they don't speak American properly, that they spell words like colour incorrectly, and that they should stop putting on their absurd British accent and just speak normally.
Or maybe french is the lingua franca..?
Not any more. It used to be, which is where the term comes from, but it hasn't been for a long time.