ok a makefile is basically a script runner like this. the c/c++ compiler doesn't touch the makefile, that's a separate tool

edit : main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
       insert.o search.o files.o utils.o
        cc -o edit main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
                   insert.o search.o files.o utils.o

main.o : main.c defs.h
        cc -c main.c
kbd.o : kbd.c defs.h command.h
        cc -c kbd.c
command.o : command.c defs.h command.h
        cc -c command.c
display.o : display.c defs.h buffer.h
        cc -c display.c
insert.o : insert.c defs.h buffer.h
        cc -c insert.c
search.o : search.c defs.h buffer.h
        cc -c search.c
files.o : files.c defs.h buffer.h command.h
        cc -c files.c
utils.o : utils.c defs.h
        cc -c utils.c
clean :
        rm edit main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
           insert.o search.o files.o utils.o

for a rust program, you might have a cargo.toml like

[package]
name = "jsontool"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[dependencies]
anyhow = "1"
clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
serde_json = "1"

[profile.release]
lto = true```

and .cargo/config.toml like (for the local distro config, no internet packages)

[source.crates-io] replace-with = "distro"

[source.distro] directory = "/usr/share/cargo/registry" # or: registry = "sparse+https://crates.internal.example/index/"

[net] offline = true

If you wanted that same functionality from a makefile for rust it would be something like

Makefile: build jsontool with plain rustc, no cargo.

RUSTC ?= rustc REG := /usr/share/cargo/registry OUT := $(abspath build) HOST := $(shell $(RUSTC) -vV | sed -n 's/^host: //p') FLAGS := -C opt-level=3 --cap-lints=allow -L dependency=$(OUT) --out-dir $(OUT) ext = $(foreach c,$(1),--extern $(c)=$(OUT)/lib$(c).rlib) extpm = $(foreach c,$(1),--extern $(c)=$(OUT)/lib$(c).so)

Pinned by hand. Cargo.lock does this for you; here, a distro upgrade

renames these directories and the build breaks.

UNICODE_IDENT := $(REG)/unicode-ident-1.0.13 PROC_MACRO2 := $(REG)/proc-macro2-1.0.89 QUOTE := $(REG)/quote-1.0.37 SYN := $(REG)/syn-2.0.85 SERDE_DERIVE := $(REG)/serde_derive-1.0.213

... ~20 more ...

---- 1. Plain library crate ----

Edition, crate name (hyphens -> underscores), and features all come from

reading each crate's Cargo.toml yourself.

$(OUT)/libunicode_ident.rlib: $(RUSTC) --edition=2018 --crate-type=lib --crate-name unicode_ident
$(FLAGS) $(UNICODE_IDENT)/src/lib.rs

---- 2. Crate with a build.rs: compile it, run it with the env vars cargo

would set, then scrape its stdout for cfg flags ----

$(OUT)/proc_macro2.cfg: mkdir -p $(OUT)/bs-pm2 $(RUSTC) --edition=2021 --crate-type=bin $(PROC_MACRO2)/build.rs
-o $(OUT)/bs-pm2/build-script cd $(PROC_MACRO2) && env OUT_DIR=$(OUT)/bs-pm2 RUSTC=$(RUSTC)
TARGET=$(HOST) HOST=$(HOST) PROFILE=release OPT_LEVEL=3
CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR=$(PROC_MACRO2) CARGO_PKG_VERSION=1.0.89
CARGO_FEATURE_DEFAULT=1 CARGO_FEATURE_PROC_MACRO=1
CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS=linux CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH=x86_64
$(OUT)/bs-pm2/build-script
| sed -n 's/^cargo::?rustc-cfg=(.*)/--cfg=\1/p' > $@

$(OUT)/libproc_macro2.rlib: $(OUT)/proc_macro2.cfg $(OUT)/libunicode_ident.rlib $(RUSTC) --edition=2021 --crate-type=lib --crate-name proc_macro2 $(FLAGS)
--cfg 'feature="default"' --cfg 'feature="proc-macro"'
$$(cat $<) $(call ext,unicode_ident) $(PROC_MACRO2)/src/lib.rs

---- 3. Proc-macro crate: different crate type, must be built for the

HOST (matters when cross-compiling), linked as a .so ----

syn's feature list must be the UNION of what serde_derive AND clap_derive

need. Cargo computes this (feature unification); here you work it out by hand.

$(OUT)/libserde_derive.so: $(OUT)/libproc_macro2.rlib $(OUT)/libquote.rlib $(OUT)/libsyn.rlib $(RUSTC) --edition=2015 --crate-type=proc-macro --crate-name serde_derive
$(FLAGS) --cfg 'feature="default"'
$(call ext,proc_macro2 quote syn) $(SERDE_DERIVE)/src/lib.rs

... ~20 more rules like the above (serde, serde_json, anyhow, and

clap_* each have their own quirks, and several have build.rs) ...

---- Finally, your program ----

clap's derive expands to env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), so you fake cargo's env.

Source files are listed by hand (or you wire up --emit=dep-info .d files).

build/jsontool: src/main.rs src/cli.rs src/convert.rs $(ALL_DEPS) CARGO_PKG_NAME=jsontool CARGO_PKG_VERSION=0.1.0
$(RUSTC) --edition=2021 --crate-type=bin --crate-name jsontool $(FLAGS)
$(call ext,anyhow clap serde serde_json) src/main.rs

Still to write: test (rustc --test + every --extern again), doc-tests

(rustdoc --test), debug vs release flags, clean, install...

So are you proposing GNU style makefiles for rust then? You say not another tool, just use the compiler. Either you type those commands yourself, you type them into a make style build script, or cargo or **another tool** automates them.