science

There's a particular particle, the kaon, which can be created. This particle is highly unstable, and so, decays rapidly into other particles. Ever so often, it doesn't decay down the normal route but instead decays into a pion. This is extremely rare (6 in a billion).

In physics, we have what's called the "standard model". It's our best guess as to how physics works at the fundamental level. It's incomplete, however, with multiple slight variations. This decay pathway is interesting because it is quite sensitive to differences between these models. By measuring the energy and ratio of the resulting mess, we can disguard some variants of the model (their predicted energy is too high or too low).

By using a large number of little measurements, like this, scientists can home in on the most accurate "standard model" variant. This, in turn, informs work on a deeper understanding of physics.

Basically, a decade's work to put a single new point onto a graph. A point that only theoretical physicists care about, and might, or might not be useful down the line. Welcome to modern physics.

It's just the creation of particles with an ultra-short lifespan, which then decay into other particles. Only there are more of this type than expected, but still within the tolerance of what the theory predicts. Additional tests are needed to say anything conclusive. That's just what they normally like to do at CERN, they're quite good at it. They also started the world wide web, back in the day.