There's no really universal answer because there are many ways to do waterproofing.
I'd start by removing the trim around the doorframe, light switch, or outlet to check the wall structure - or look for a service hatch on the ceiling to peek at the unfinished top part of the wall.
Or actually, how could I find out if there is indeed a waterproofing membrane behind the tiles?
There's no really universal answer because there are many ways to do waterproofing.
I'd start by removing the trim around the doorframe, light switch, or outlet to check the wall structure - or look for a service hatch on the ceiling to peek at the unfinished top part of the wall.