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this post was submitted on 21 May 2024
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Why are any of them not air gapped?
I've worked on SCADA systems for water automation in a municipal water supply. The meters, valve positions, and sensors can have a tunnel back to the main office and generally aren't accessible unless someone physically breaks into something. With a proper remote solution it's pretty secure (as secure as anything, anyway) to access and manage things from anywhere cutting down water waste and time when problems occur.
The issue, as usual, is people. I can't tell the story, but I can say that managers and higher ups at municipal water departments will override decisions to make things more accessible without proper protections because they refuse to understand the concept of even the most basic security. Not every water department, obviously, but I can absolutely point to several that will demand easy access with no VPN because they want to use their fucking home computer, and when you won't provide it they'll hire someone else who will.
I’ve worked on networks for water systems as well and you are right, the problem is people. Weak or default passwords, little to no physical security, it all comes down to the people in charge.
In this side of networking, typically accessibility is considered more important than security as they don’t want to be locked out of something in a pinch. With recent hacks, the opinion is changing, but slowly. The industrial world moves at snails pace compared to the enterprise side. They operate on a if it’s not broke don’t fix mentality.
I can pay my bill online. That means there is a connection between the systems. They need to add up all the water everyone in my neighborhood uses compared to how much they pumped into my neighborhood - if there is a difference there is a leak someplace. While each link only needs to be connected to the next, eventually there is a system that is connected to the internet, and so the whole cannot be air gaped. Not to mention the internet is a really easy place to connect everything to.
Also, it is really nice if you work at the utility to be able to control the pumps and valved scattered all over the city without having to physically go to each one. Or better yet automatic control - which is only possible if all the systems are connected - see above about one of those systems leading to my bill and so must be connected.
Air gap is useful for a few military systems. Everything else (including most military systems) are better off networked. However we do need to protect the network better.
They did all that before the internet. I'm not sure why the internet is necessary now.
They did - but it was a lot more work - (and often mistakes were made) and that means costs were higher. Or more likely they didn't do the work as often and so it was a lot longer before they discovered problems.