cross-posted from: https://lemm.ee/post/64866073

Absolute Nuclear (Light Yellow)
Definition: A family structure consisting only of parents and their children, with no extended relatives living together. Once children marry, they form their own independent households.

Regions: Predominantly in the UK, Ireland, and parts of Scandinavia. This reflects a cultural emphasis on individualism and early independence.

Egalitarian Nuclear (Orange)
Definition: Similar to the absolute nuclear family, but with more equality in inheritance and gender roles between spouses. Children still leave to form independent households, but there’s less rigid hierarchy within the family.

Regions: Found in Spain, Portugal, southern France, and parts of Italy. This structure aligns with Mediterranean cultural norms of balanced familial roles.

Stem Family (Light Blue)
Definition: A family where one child (usually the eldest son) remains in the parental home with their spouse and children, while other siblings leave to form their own households. The stem family ensures the continuity of the family estate.

Regions: Common in central Europe, including Germany, Austria, and parts of France. This reflects a tradition of preserving family property through one heir.

Incomplete Stem Family (Gray)
Definition: A variation of the stem family where the designated heir might not always stay with the parents, or the system is less rigid. Extended family involvement is limited compared to a full stem family.
Regions: Seen in parts of central and eastern Europe, like Poland and Hungary. This indicates a transitional family structure between stem and nuclear models.

Communitarian (Dark Blue)
Definition: A family structure where multiple generations live together, often with brothers and their families sharing a household. Inheritance is typically divided equally among siblings, and communal living is emphasized.

Regions: Predominantly in southern Italy, parts of the Balkans, and eastern Europe, including Finland. This reflects a collectivist culture prioritizing extended family unity.

This project looks awesome!!! Had to drop a link.

Pt 2:

More info:

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_embassy
• https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY%7E8%7E1%7E303566%7E90074181:Tavola-Nona%2C-Che-Ha-Sua-Superiore-L

"According to the 1900 census, the population of the United States was then 76.3 million. Nearly 14 percent of the population—approximately 10.4 million people—was born outside of the United States. Drawn by America’s labor opportunities, immigrants came predominantly from Canada and Europe, migrating from countries such as Germany, Britain, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia."

https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/map-foreign-born-population-united-states-1900

Context: https://www.elymuseum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Drainage-who-drained-the-fens-1.pdf

A long time ago, the fens were watery marshes. They were wild, dangerous places filled with tall grasses and flat wetlands. There were also areas, or islands, of high land in the fens. Ely is sometimes known as The Isle of Ely because it was built on an island of solid ground surrounded by the marsh. Around 400 years ago, life changed dramatically when the fens were drained. The Dutch engineer Cornelius Vermuyden was asked by King Charles I to design a plan to turn the wetlands into farmland.

In 1630 the Old Bedford River was dug in a straight line from Earith to Denver, channelling the water from the fen towards the sea. The plans to drain the wetlands were paid for by a group of wealthy men, known as the 'Gentleman Adventurers', who were led by the Earl of Bedford. They were given acres of the new, drained farmland in return for their investment. They drained the fens by straightening meandering rivers, building embankments and sluices, a type of channel for water which is controlled by gates, to keep the tides out. They created washes to store the flood waters, such as the Ouse Wash reservoir which is the 3rd largest in England.

Local people, who relied on the wild fen for hunting and fishing, rebelled against the loss of their livelihoods. They smashed dams and destroyed dykes and became known as the 'Fen Tigers'. The process of draining the fens was very difficult because when the land was drained of water, the peat soil found in the fens shrank. Once the land in the fields were lower than the surrounding rivers, flooding became common for hundreds of years as water overflowed the new earth banks.

By the end of the 17th century, the fenlands looked totally different, with long straight channels and regular angles where wild wetlands and meandering streams had once been. Draining the fens took hundreds of years, and it is still an ongoing process today. The landscape is managed with drainage channels and pumps, which keep the water under control so that the rich peat soil can be used to grow a wide range of crops.

Source: Dugdale, William. The History of Imbanking and Drayning of Divers Fenns and Marshes: Both in Forein Parts, and in this Kingdom, and of the Improvement Thereby, Extracted from Records, Manuscripts, and Other Authentick Testimonies. United Kingdom, Warren, 1772. Second Edition. This work was first published in 1662.

The scan is from an ex-library book in a private collection. Full text can be found here: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A36795.0001.001/1:4.30?rgn=div2%3Bview%3Dtoc

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22A_Map_of_the_Great_Levell,_representing_it_as_it_lay_drowned.%22_(1662).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_Map_of_the_Great_Levell_drained%22_(1662).jpg

More Info:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Map
• https://goughmap.uk/map.php
• https://www.ucl.ac.uk/early-medieval-atlas/map-data/routes-gough-map
• https://unesco.org.uk/our-sites/memory-of-the-world/the-gough-map