With the extensive adoption of the Codice Rocco, the Fascist penal code enacted under Mussolini in Italy, paragraphs 141 and 142 found their way into Turkish law, prohibiting any organization of class‐based associations, and imposing the death penalty on anyone leading them.

[…]

From 1935, German imperialism would regain its influence over Turkey. Germany helped train Turkish soldiers and was Turkey’s primary source for armaments, and the Nazis would find great admiration among their quickly growing German counterparts.

Ultranationalists in Turkey had excellent relations with [the Third Reich], and its most notorious representative, Colonel Alparslan Türkeş, was contact person of the [Fascists] in Turkey. He would frequently quote Hitler’s Mein Kampf in his speeches, and his so‐called ‘Pan‐Turkist’ movement support for Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini was strong.

Ruzi Nazar, another prominent ‘Pan‐Turkist’, joined the [Axis] on the Eastern Front to fight for the creation of a Turkestan. Nazar was later recruited by the [U.S.], and became the CIA’s station chief in Turkey.

[…]

The Turkish branch of Gladio was created in the same year when Turkey joined NATO under the codename Counterguerrilla, and it was located in the building of the joint‐American military mission for aid in the Turkish capital Ankara, which became the largest of the U.S.–European commands. And…who was one of its founding members? None other than the aforementioned Hitlerite Alparslan Türkeş.

The Turkish National Security Service, MAH, received financial support from the CIA. Leading members of the Turkish Gladio were recruited from this agency.

The CIA under Allen Dulles assigned former [Axis] officers, Wehrmacht general Reinhard Gehlen, butcher of Lyon and Che Guevara‐hunter Klaus Barbie, and various other Fascists to train the Gladio leaders, including MAH officers in the camps from the Unconventional Warfare Department.

(Emphasis added.)