Just to be clear, the claim is that human thought is qualitatively different than an algorithm, I just haven't been convinced of the claim. I chose my words incredibly carefully here, this isn't me being pedantic.
Anyway, I don't know how you've come to the definitive conclusion that somehow emotions aren't information. Or that thoughts and dreams are somehow not outputs of some process.
Nothing you've outlined is necessarily impossible to derive as an output of some process. It's actually quite possible that they're only derived as an output of some process, unless you think they're spawned into existence without causes, which I think religious people do believe (this is the essence of a free soul). I'm not religious.