Honestly, it depends on the app. I only use a few. Sync, boost, and connect only seem to handle full words, no wildcards afaik.
Eternity though, it has all the options for filters. Tbh though, I'm not great with regex, so I don't use that on eternity. It has it though.
Generally, I only filter the stuff that clogs the feed. Filtering trump tends to cut out repeat posts that link to the same article, but since he's not always in the title, some news about him gets through, which is about where I like it.
Filtering parties definitely cuts out some foreign news, since plenty of them reference the parties. I haven't gotten flooded with those terms being allowed now that the election is over, it's a fairly manageable rate.
I guess what I'm saying is that I adjust what I filter fairly often. When there's a surge in a topic, I check the headlines and titles and pick what is going to filter most of the posts, but not all of them.
Like, right now, on sync I'm filtering "stocks" to reduce the tesla stuff without it filtering out other news around the company. If I filtered tesla entirely, I'd miss protests and such.