That's not birth rates, that's fertility rate. One measures births/1k and the other is an average of births per woman on their "child bearing lapse".

Japan might have a fertility rate of 1.2 but they have 6 births/1000 people. Argentina with 1.5 have 11.1 births/1000

A more relevant measure is "Natural change", it measure people death vs people birth not counting immigration:

India has +13 millions. Japan has -870k. China has -2 millions.

South Korea is "only" losing -77k people per year.

There are like 30~ countries that have negative population per year out of 197. Birthrates and fertility rate are going down each year, but not every country is losing population by it.

Source: https://georank.org/birth-rate