Docker docs:
Docker routes container traffic in the nat table, which means that packets are diverted before it reaches the INPUT and OUTPUT chains that ufw uses. Packets are routed before the firewall rules can be applied, effectively ignoring your firewall configuration.
For local access you can use 127.0.0.1:80:80 and it won't put a hole in your firewall.
Or if your database is access by another docker container, just put them on the same docker network and access via container name, and you don't need any port mapping at all.