No surprise really, those that don't offload their thinking understand more and thus can do better at the set tasks and exams etc.

other discussions
 

‘equivalent to being around one year of schooling ahead of their peers’

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcRY6M5_mvo&list=UU9rJrMVgcXTfa8xuMnbhAEA
https://pivottoai.libsyn.com/20260908-students-who-dont-use-ai-are-ahead-on-every-measure - podcast

time: 4 min 14 sec