Yeah you caught me, I've been a little frantic trying everything for hours before finding that bug report. Got sloppy and dox'd myself.
I'm able to boot into a full normal XFCE session after ruining my day with a full reinstall. The only weirdness is that I'm locked into using the onboard graphics processing on the CPU, which limits me to one monitor at 1024x768. But the monitors are still plugged into the non-working GPU. No idea how that works...
NV48? I didn't know what that was, mine's a 9000 series AMD card. This is definitely the first time I've had any issue with it, this build has been running like a dream since I put it together a few months ago.
Someone else just replied with a reddit thread about this: https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxmint/comments/1xo6jg2/for_those_affected_by_the_very_recent_update_from/
The upshot seems to be that Ubuntu is rolling out a fix on their end, and it's due in about a week? Am I getting that right?
I'm going to finish trying the temporary fix they've described and edit this reply.
Edit: I did everything they recommended, but it's still not recognising my GPU. Not sure what to try now.