I bet there's plenty research on it. I have a lot of thoughts from Polish perspective, but I don't actually know anything about it.
I.E. I suspect there's little systemic racism in Poland because there's no history that would bring it (no colonialism history in modern era and post-WW2 erased any laws from 30s.
Causal, very much - less these days in media, but there's still racist idioms and jokes. I'd say it's directly proportional to familiarity, but not exactly malicious.
Then there's obviously neonazis and "intellectual racists" that have it all figured out.
That's my casual take about this very not casual topic.