You can still use CGI with Apache. Apache will execute your program on each request and return its output from stdout as webserver response. If you have a form, it’ll get POSTed to stdin when Apache execute your program. You can write your program with whatever language you want as long as you can read stdin and write to stdout. It’s just tedious af so no one really use it these days.

You can't use the CGI model with node and JS/Node because... unlike PHP, the thing isn't designed for a quick start and shutdown.