maybe try booting this or this TWRP temporarily without flashing using fastboot (fastboot boot recovery_filename.img)
(kinda unlikely to be able to directly mount data though, there's one on 4PDA too dated Apr 2024 but it specifically says it doesn't support mounting data)
are you able to obtain the installed version of the firmware or extract stock boot image from device? (if the TWRP above booted, you probably can)
in that case, we may be able to enable adb during boot phase by changing some props on the boot image's initrd, and try logcat'ing to get android properly booting again.